The (Constitutional) Monarchy and its milestones: Spain & Tonga

 

It was Saturday, 4th July 2015. A day of history for The Monarchy. A day when the world woke up to news and exclusive pictures of The Coronation of HM Tupou VI, King & Tu'i Kanokupolu of Tonga, while spare reports of a distant European country's banking crisis remained on the sidelines. Well, that would be an ideal picture if Tonga was on the pantheon of global Monarchies. Or at least, a distinguished Sovereign state, like Spain, which Monarchy's restoration on 22 November 1975 created global headlines. And while on the 4 July 2015 - on the eve of the Greece's referednum on EU package - those headlines were reversed; this post is dedicated to certain anniversaries of both forementioned Kingdoms this past year. On November 4, its National Day, The Kingdom of Tonga celebrated the Sesquicentennial (150 years) of its Constitution (adopted by King George Tupou I in 1875), the oldest of its kind in Oceania. The Kingdom of Spain, meanwhile, commemorated the 50th anniversary from the restoration of The Crown & civilian government (following the Enthronement of King Juan Carlos I) in several ceremonies on Friday, 21 November 2025. Those milestones are about Monarchies (institutions), rather than monarchs (persons).

Let's begin with The Kingdom of Tonga, the only Sovereign country in the Pacific that was never collonized. Its Inaugural King, Tāufaʻāhau I, led unification wars as Tu'i Kanokupolu (local Chief) from 1845, prevailing over 171 Polynesian islands of the Polynesian archipelago and forging treaties with the interested powers of the time (British, French & German Empires, and The US). Driven by enlightenment ideas of natural rights, and Christian teachings of (John Wesley's) Methodism (against slavery, usury and exploitation), Tāufaʻāhau drafted the first constitution for his polynesian kingdom, emancipating the tofi'a (semi-autonomous territories) from the Eiki (nobles)' absolute control in 1862. The Constitution of Tonga gave birth to the first Codified Laws in the Pacific, enshrining the Bill of Rights (equal to all God's men), defining the form of government as Constitutional Monarchy, and establishing the revolutionary for the time freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, protection of arbitrary arrest & slavery. Formally enacted on 4 November 1875, the day Tāufaʻāhau was crowned with his Christian name as King George Tupou I; it has been celebrated ever since, with Tonga becoming fully independent (from British protection) in 1970.

In 2025, five days of celebrations for the 150th anniversary of The Constitution of Tonga in (capital) Nuku'alofa were announced, from October 31 to November 4. They also coincided with the tenth Coronation anniversary of King Tupou VI (George Tupou I's current successor) and with the 55th anniversary of The Kingdoms diplomatic relations with Australia & NZ. They began with The Royal Prayer festival at Queen Sālote (Tupou III) memorial hall with The King & Queen (Nanasipau'u) in attendance. The first two days were dedicated to the promotion of health & sport, while on November 2, a service of Thanksgiving & Remembrance was held at the Free Wesleyan (Centenary) Church of Tonga with Their Majesties joined by The Crown Prince (Tupoutu'a 'Ulukalala) Couple & other Royal Family members. Tuesday, November 4 coined to the previous, Constitution Day, to celebrate Culture and Traditions. The entire Royal Family joined The King for the Groundbreaking of the new Legislative Assembly Building (which recently elected The Crown Princess' brother, Lord Fakafanua, as Prime Minister), The Wreath Laying Ceremony at Royal Tombs & Royal Luncheon (where Royal grandchildren participated in sermon reading - Prince Tāufa'ahau Manumataongo, 12, second in line to the throne - & a traditional dance - by Princess Halaevalu Mata'aho, 11). The King's elder sister, Princess Royal Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita, was alongside the delegations right until the end of the Traditional Royal Celebrations.

In case of Spain, though, the 50th anniversary from the Monarchy's Restoration was marked in a less public moods, amid the divisive climax of current institutional atmosphere & The Crown's Reputation. On 21 November 2025 (the day after dictator Franco's 50th death anniversary), a special ceremony was held at Madrid's Royal Palace, where the Color of The Distinguished Order of Golden Fleece (Toison de Oro) was awarded by HM King Felipe VI. The four distinguished civil servants receiving it were: (the surviving founding fathers of 1978 Constitution) Miquel Roca & Miguel Herrero de Minon, former Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez & HM Queen Sofia - the first (former) Queen Consort of Spain to be honored with this chivalry order. By movingly bestowing it to his mother, The King remarked of a three generation circle's close, as he had also awarded his Hereditary daughter, HRH Leonor, The Princess of Asturias with the order in 2018 (its only two royal bestowals since his accession in 2014). The King and Queen (Letizia) were then joined by their daughters (Princess Leonor & Infanta Sofia) at The Congress of Deputies for its discussion, titled: "50 years later: The Crown and the Transition to Democracy".

King Juan Carlos (emeritus since 2014) was excluded from both official events, & the commemorative post stamps, issued by The Spanish post office Correos as part of the milestone's historic memory, only featuring his son King Felipe & granddaughter Princess Leonor. In his memoirs book, "reconciliation", released in France in early November & Spain in early December, the former Monarch tries to defend his legacy in restoring democracy & civilian rule in Spain after succeeding Francisco Franco (who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975), whose intelligence he appreciated. He also admitts the accidental killing of his younger brother Infante Alfonso (1941-1956) by gunshot, and regrets of his long-term affair with Danish-German socialite Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, but avoids to talk much about numerous tax fraud scandals & offshore investments - which triggered his self-exile in Abu Dhabi since 2020 to avoid scrutiny in Spain. The 87-year-old Juan Carlos also released a statement (Nov. 20) & video address (Dec. 1) to the Spanish public, reevaluating his reputation & urging young & old people alike to support his son. On his 50th anniversary of proclamation (22 November 2025) he was invited to El Pardo palace for a private lunch, attended by The entire Spanish Royal Family (& royal relatives), ending the poignant weekend for the Spanish monarchy. The Royal House of Spain did not officially comment the former King's address, but its communication sources said it was neither appropriate nor necessary.

Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain in a solemn ceremony at The Palace of The Cortes in Madrid, two days after the death of Franco, restoring the House of Bournon to the Spanish Throne (The Monarchy having been abolished from 1931). His father, Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, was the legal claimant to succeed his father, King Alfonso XIII, following his death in exile, but was bypassed by Franco, who had re-established of The Kingdom of Spain in 1947, and chosen Juan Carlos as the future Monarch in 1969. Juan Carlos recalls that on his deathbed in 1975, Franco asked him one thing: to "keep the country united". This gave him the opportunity to support democratic reforms and walk away from the corporational structure of Francoist Spain, haulting an attempted coup d'etat in 1981. In his memoirs, however, Juan Carlos complains that he could "never enjoy (that) freedom for myself". He feels that his son - in whose favor he abdicated in 2014, two years after his public image was tarnished due to a lavish safari in Botswana - "has turned his back on me out of duty", and only hopes that Spain will properly honor him after the end of his life - of which the early and later years are marked by exile.

The King of Spain is currently forging his institutional role as head of state against the odds of crises and low popularity the Monarchy endured in the final years of his predecessor's reign. Meanwhile, The King of Tonga enjoys high popularity nonwithstanding his extended political powers, in accordance to the (150-year-old) constitution. His late brother, George Tupou V (r. 2006-2012), ceded most of his executive powers to The Prime Minister in 2008, retaining the right to appoint Prime Ministers and dismiss the elected Parliament in cases of deadlock. 'Aho'eitu 'Unuaki'otonga Tuku'aho (future Tupou VI) was also Prime Minister of Tonga (2000-6), which would be unthinkable for The King or any member of the Royal Family of Spain long before its Constitutional Monarchy. Spain last month celebrated half-a-century from a hallmark that made a constitutional status quo possible with an undoubted effort by its former King (who swore his oath to the Fundamental Laws of The Realm and Principles of (Francoist) National Movement; both of which were then abolished). While Tonga celebrated the Sesquicentennial of its Codified Laws, which kept the nation free & Sovereign even as a British protectorate (from 1900 to 1970). Both milestones commemorated a turning point in the history of the respective countries. In both cases, The Monarchy played a certain role, as did The Monarch at the time. In case of Spain, The Monarch was bypassed in favor of The Institution & democratic status quo. In Tonga, the only other country where The King is Crowned in British style, he was a reference point.

Videos:

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga

https://matangitonga.to/2025/05/01/big-celebration-plan-150th-anniversary-tonga-constitution

https://royalcentral.co.uk/royal-news/queen-sofia-spain-2-215318/

https://tongaindependent.com/celebrating-the-constitutions-150th-anniversary/

https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/spain/spain-juan-carlos-215310/

https://matangitonga.to/2025/10/30/celebrations-150th-anniversary-tonga-constitution-start-tomorrow

https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/spain/princess-leonor-stamps-215066/

https://tonga-gov.pt/en/150th-anniversary-of-the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-tonga-1875-2025-national-celebration-of-history-identity-and-constitutional-continuity/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Francisco_Franco

https://matangitonga.to/2025/11/04/led-brass-bands-sunny-afternoon-students-march-celebrate-150th-anniversary-tonga

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/05/disgraced-former-king-of-spains-memoir-details-enormous-respect-for-franco

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Juan_Carlos_I

https://apnews.com/article/spain-king-juan-carlos-book-memoir-0665b83cadbabb2f1e4dad5b380bc268

https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news-corner/spain-celebrates-50-years-of-monarchy/

https://www.reuters.com/world/juan-carlos-memoir-chronicles-chequered-life-former-spanish-king-2025-11-05/

https://spanishroyals.com/2025/11/24/royals-celebrate-monarchys-restoration/

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'The Great Fourth; King of Destiny' - Jigme Singye Wangchuck at 70

 

The whole of Bhutan - Himalayas' last Kingdom; landlocked between China & India - came en masse to Changlimithang National Stadium in Thimphu on November 11 (2025) for a very special occasion. Their Great Fourth King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Father of The Nation, turned 70 years old, his milestone birhday auspiciously coinciding with Lord Buddha's ascendance to Heaven, a major religious feast for the Buddhist Kingdom. The Great Fourth, who initiated reforms turning Bhutan into a modern, industrialized, sustainable, democratic country ahead of its time, was paid tribute by his son, The current King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, in whose favor he abdicated after a 34-year-reign in December 2006. India's Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, a consequential ally of Bhutan, was also present at the celebrations, which had been sandwitched between two religious festivals, extending festivities from 4 to 20 November 2025. A true upholder of Bhutan's national identity & religious tradition, the Fourth King celebrated along with his large Royal Family, including his 95-year-old Mother, Four Wives (all Queen Mothers), Ten Children & 14 Grandchildren; as well as thousands of his extended family, subjects he turned into citizens.

Nationwide festivities began with The Global Peace Prayer, held from November 4 to 10 in (the capital) Thimphu. Hosted by The Royal Government of Bhutan in partnership with the Central Monastic Body, it was the largest non-sectarian festival of Vajrayana (school of Tibbetan) Buddhism, that brought together over 150 eminent Buddhist masters, lamas & scholars, as well as tens of thousands of devotees from Bhutan and abroad. The Royal Family played a central role. Both The King & Queen and The Fourth King (& Four Queen Mothers) graced the opening ceremony, and offered prayers three times on the first, fifth and seventh day. The que was so huge, that most people began arriving at Thimphu Changlimithang from 03:00am on the first day, up to midnight of the previous day by November 8. Those who could not be accomondated to the football stadium also filled the Centenary Park by the time of the prayers. The Je Khenpo, Chief Abbot of the Central Monastic Body (which resembles to a Patriarch) led the prayers for global peace & reconsiliation, while Jabzhi Gyap rituals for peace & well-being were also held indoors. 

Their Majesties offered prayers at Kuenselphodrang (where the rituals were being conducted) on the 9th November & oversaw concluding prayers on the 10th, by Vajrayana Masters from Bhutan, Bangladesh & Thailand. The following day, November 11, was of double significance for Bhutan's identity. The long-anticipated 70th Birth Anniversary of The Father of the (modern) Nation, auspiciously coincided with Lhabab Duechen (Descending Day of Lord Buddha), one of the Four major annual feasts in Buddhism. Etched to the teachings of Ugyen Guru Rinpoche (first teacher of Vajrayana Buddhism) and Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (father of Bhutanese national identity who unified the state in the early 17th century), the Bhutanese nation honored The King who preserved & reinforced those teachings while leading its path to modernity. This time, Changlimithang was filled by all classes of Bhutanese society - from The Royal Family, members of the government, The Monastic Body, Ambassadors & foreign officials to over 27,000 of people, who began gathering there from the previous evening. The King & Queen, Queen Mothers, Queen Grandmother, Royal Children & Grandchildren were all there.

The new septuagenarian, Fourth Druk Gyalpo, was joined by his 45-year-old son, The Fifth King, 9-year-old grandson, The Druk Gyalsey (Crown Prince) & Je Khenpo (of his same age) on the Stadium's Central Dais around 9:00am'. He was presented a orange-yellow flag (with the dragon) of Bhutan, and given a Royal Salute, during which The National Anthem (Druk Tsednen) was performed. The Great Fourth then took his seat next to his wives & 95-year-old mother (who served as Regent early into his reign), leaving the floor to The King; who addressed the audience in Dzongkha & English for about 50 minutes. In his long & deeply personal message, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, expressed his nation by calling "the most beloved of all" King Jigme Singye Wangchuck "our pride, our hero, our inspiration". He first thanked the late Third Druk Gyalpo & his Royal Grandmother for giving Bhutan "our King of Destiny". He paid tribute to His Majesty's 34 year-reign, his extraordinary contribution to strengthening the nation, his clear & far-sighted vision, his fearlessness, wisdom & pioneering achievements. He hardly imagined what would Bhutan be without King Jigme Singye Wangchuck.

After briefly mentioning the highlights of his father's extraordinary life, The Fifth Dragon King shared 12 of timeless advices he has given him in his close to five decades on earth. They are the following: 1) Serve the Nation & People with Loyalty and Dedication, 2) Safeguard and Strengthen Our Sovereignty & Security, 3) Uphold the Dharma, 4) Preserve and Promote National Identity, 5) Protect Our Cultural & Natural Heritage, 6) Foster National Unity, 7) Reject Complacency, 8) Strong People Build Strong Nation, 9) Nurture the Young with Right Values, 10) Uphold Our National Reputation, 11) Establish Good System & Laws, and 12) Always be Adaptive. He concluded by reassuring the Bhutanese how proud & vigilant of their daily achievements His Majesty is, and wished that the next time Lhabab Duechem coincides with The Great Fourth's Birthday in 30 years (his 100th Birth Anniversary) they will celebrate "with the same pride, reverence, and happiness". The King then humbly procrastinated to his father - who had personally Crowned him (with the Yellow Royal tunic) as the then world's youngest Monarch in 2008 - and led the nation in pledging allegiance to him, which echoed through the Stadium.

India's Prime Minister HE Shri Narendra Modi was a guest of honour at the 70th Birth Anniversary celebrations of HM The Fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King). He arrived in Bhutan on Wednesday (11 November 2025) morning for a two-day special visit and received a ceremonial Chipdrel procession at Changlimithang. Joined by The current & former Kings at the podium, he observed the rendition of India's National Anthem. The Fifth King then expressed the hearfelt appreciation of Bhutanese people on PM Modi's presence on such an important occasion, reaffirming Bhutan's steadfast support to India & bonded friendship with her people. His Excellency, in turn, paid tribute to the Fourth King as a wise & visionary leader, "an inspiration to the world", referring on the bond & values shared between their nations and pledged to continue support & cooperation. The Prime Minister later had a private audience with The King at Tashichhodzong. There, at the Grand Kuenrey, he joined The King & Queen in prayer before the relics of Sacred Buddha, brought to India & enshrined there for public pilgrimage until 17 November. They also inaugurated the Punatsangchu-II Hydroelectric Project, a joint initiative by their countries.

On November 12, before sending off Prime Minister Modi at Paro airport, His Majesty The Fifth King joined him & The Great Fourth on the inauguration of the Kalachakra 'Wheel of Time' Initiation and Empowerment at the Changlimithang Ground. The Three-Day (extension of the Global Peace Prayer) Festival was presided over by The Je Khenpo, and offered profound Vajrayana Buddhism teachings (on Buddha nature, the individual & universe) to thousands of well-wishers. It lasted until November 14 and was attended by the entire Royal Family. Meanwhile, on November 13, HM The Gyaltsuen (Queen) Jetsun Pema Wangchuck, 35, launched the photography book: "Bhutan: Portrait of a Kingdom" which features projects of world-renowned photographers - and talented amateurs, like The King - "celebrating the beauty, spirit & heritage of Bhutan". It was yet another dedication to The Fourth King, who on 15 November received 'Ku Sung Thuk Mendrels' by nearly 270 nuns from 14 countries, ahead of their full monastic ordination by The Je Khenpo. It was completed on November 20, when the new "Gelongmas" proceeded along Norzin Lam to receive their alms, the final event under the umbrella of Global Peace Festival.

Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born in Dechencholing Palace on 11 November 1955. On 21 July 1972, at the age of 16, he became The Fourth King of Bhutan (from the Wangchuck dynasty) upon the death of his Father, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. Back then Bhutan was a small, landlocked, underdeveloped Kingdom, lacking basic infrastructure. During his reign as an absolute Monarch, His Majesty initiated rapid industrialization projects that modernized Bhutan, rebuilt its Dzonghags (districts) through initiatives such as hydropower, tourism & human resources. He invested in quality education & healthcare, and launched the Gross National Happiness (GNH) - a pioneering philosophy & economic model, combining good governance, free & resilient culture, equitable socio-economic development & ecological sustainability. In 2003, he became the last Sovereign Commander-in-Chief to lead a military campaign against groups of insurgents in Bhutan-India border. A far-sighted leader, he decentralized the local governing model & drafted Bhutan's first Constitution, transforming the Kingdom into a parliamentary democracy. Before he saw his work's fruits flourish, he abdicated in favor of his eldest son on 9 December 2006, to guide him and the nation in their first steps of a new chapter in Bhutan's history. Furthermore, the constitution mandates that all dragon Kings (Druk Gyalpo) must retire by the age of 65. The Great Fourth retired at age 51; he is still active & healthy, married to four sisters (equally Gyalyum - Queens) since 1988, from all of whom he has ten children & 14 grandchildren. The current King is son of his third wife, Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck, 66. His grandson, Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck is also guided by him. His birth expectation was announced at The Great Fourth's 60th Birth Anniversary Celebrations, on 11 November 2015, before he was born on 5 February 2016.

 

Additional material (Fabebook Live from The Fifth King's Speech):

https://www.facebook.com/KingJigmeKhesar/videos/1533717271088527

Sources: all exclusively coming from the official pages of:

His Majesty King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

www.facebook.com/QueenJetsun

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